Sample: biology and forensics text
Discussion
The increasing interest in alternative DNA-based methods to provide investigative leads when standard STR-profiling is unsuccessful is evident in the current scientific literature and in law enforcement and social policy discussions.
Here, we present the development and inter-laboratory technical evaluation of the VISAGE Enhanced Tool for Appearance and Ancestry inference from DNA. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first forensic molecular genetic tool that integrates several appearance traits (including but beyond eye, hair, and skin color) as well as biparental and paternal bio-geographic ancestry, all in a single MPS assay using more than 500 SNPs. Overall, the assay produced highly reproducible results amongst participating laboratories and was stable when evaluating varied DNA input levels. As a PCR-based AmpliSeq assay, the VISAGE ET A&A provides comparable performance characteristics to the previously published assessments of the VISAGE BT A&A assay which, however includes less appearance traits and less SNPs in total. Obtaining similar performance while combining nearly 3.4 times more SNPs into the single multiplex assay (153 in BT versus 524 SNPs in ET) reflects a remarkable achievement. Indeed, the run configuration recommendations previously noted for the more limited VISAGE BT A&A remain at 16 samples per 530 Ion Chip also with the VISAGE ET A&A despite the 3.4 times increase of included SNPs. Although displaying a good overall sequencing performance, some SNPs had low sequencing quality data due to flanking regions that were challenging for primer design. Therefore, we compile details of these under-performing SNPs and some recommendations for their sequence analysis using IGV. Importantly, the VISAGE ET A&A assay maintained the same sensitivity threshold as the VISAGE BT A&A assay (∼100 pg), despite the 3.4 times increase of SNPs included. The 100 pg sensitivity threshold (approximately 14 cells) to obtain full profiles is a finding that matches those of several other PCR-based forensic tools and might reflect the overall limitation of PCR-based MPS library preparation reagents. One relevant finding from the VISAGE ET A&A evaluations is the increase of locus dropouts (no call) with decreasing DNA input, rather than an increase of incorrect genotypes caused by allele dropouts or dropins, as may be expected. Since the final application of this tool is the estimation of appearance traits and BGA, this effect minimizes the input of erroneous genotype data in the final appearance trait and BGA prediction, and thus minimizes wrong prediction outcomes. However, the direct effect of DNA input variation on the final prediction values is beyond the scope of this study and is the subject of a parallel study (in preparation) on the implementation of the VISAGE ET A&A assay.
High genotype concordance values (99.3% and 99.8%) were obtained when comparing genotypes produced with the VISAGE ET A&A with those of online databases, underlining the reliability of the assay. Most of the SNPs that showed discordant results also suffered from ambiguous alignments and/or high misincorporation rates - so were flagged as problematic. Although the standard procedure of forensic DNA profiling (STR-CE analysis) recognizes a mixture, the ability to detect mixtures with SNPs is currently subject to a range of research initiatives. In principle, the addition of tri-allelic SNPs and Microhaplotypes clearly aids mixture detection and offers the possibility of mixture deconvolution going forward. As a proof-of-concept, we analysed mixtures at 1:1, 1:3 and 1:9 ratios and it was a viable approach to identify the presence of a mixture, either by allele read frequency fluctuations, increased heterozygosity, the presence of three alleles and analysis of Microhaplotype data. Notably, higher numbers of alleles present in Microhaplotypes provided more straightforward mixture deconvolution (Supplementary Table S11) than the VISAGE BT A&A assay. Of the challenging samples used to test the VISAGE ET A&A performance, GEDNAP samples comprising different biological materials and mimicking casework conditions produced an overall genotyping concordance above 99% amongst the five participating laboratories. Inhibitor-spiked samples showed similar results as those previously published for BT as well as other PCR-based MPS methods. Recent studies indicate PCR-based MPS assays are less tolerant of inhibitors than standard STR-CE methods. Inhibitor concentrations, to which these new MPS methods are sensitive, might not be detectable with common real-time quantitative PCR assays, as previously discussed . Therefore, the processing of inhibited samples and subsequent impairment of sequencing results might proceed undetected. These results not only highlight an improvement of MPS chemistry’s tolerance to inhibitors, but also require the development of more sensitive real-time qPCR assays that lead to reliable inhibitor detection at these concentration levels. Finally, the artificially degraded samples produced full profiles down to 300 min sonication, while leading to partial STR profiles from standard forensic DNA profiling. The VISAGE ET A&A correctly called 75.4% (395 markers) of the profile at 360 min of sonication, while parallel STR-CE analyses only gave three correctly typed markers (17.6%). Such results underline the relevance of SNPs and smaller amplicon designs for forensic purposes. Overall, the assay gave highly concordant results among participating laboratories and worked successfully in different laboratory workflows (DNA extraction and quantification) applied to samples with varied biological origins or which were highly degraded. In conclusion, the VISAGE ET A&A assay has proved to be a reliable and resourceful tool for Forensic DNA Phenotyping applications, providing prediction of eye, hair, skin and eyebrow color, freckles, hair shape, male pattern baldness, in addition to maternal and paternal bio-geographic ancestry. Compared with the previous VISAGE BT A&A, the VISAGE ET A&A provides appearance information for four additional appearance traits and autosomal SNP-based BGA analysis has been extended with X-SNPs and Y-SNPs, and Microhaplotypes bolstered by tri-allelic SNPs. The latter has enhanced the deconvolution of simple mixtures, which has been traditionally hampered by reliance on MPS sequencing of binary markers alone. We invite the industry to further develop and optimize the VISAGE ET A&A to make the tool accessible to a broader audience. Currently, use of PCR-based library preparation methods for MPS sequencing limits the further increase of marker numbers that can be combined into a single test while maintaining sensitivity and cost-efficiency. Recent advances in hybridization capture based MPS methods provide alternative approaches for enlarging the number of simultaneously-analysed markers and increased sensitivity levels, albeit at higher analytical costs. Therefore, PCR-based tests, exemplified by the VISAGE ET A&A assay will continue to provide cost-effective and reliable genotyping tools for the generation of investigative leads from combined analyses of appearance, ancestry from contact forensic trace DNA and can be combined with separate assays for age prediction such as the VISAGE BT and ET for Age. Continuous research in advancing our knowledge on appearance genetics will further increase the number of physical traits that will become predictable from DNA, which – if combined in a single assay as especially desired in forensic applications - will increase the total number of targeted SNPs to the thousands. Hence, MPS methods to simultaneously analyse thousands of SNPs in a highly sensitive, reliable and cost-effective way suitable for analysing forensic DNA will be needed to further advance FDP tools in the future.
What is DNA?
DNA is the code that makes up who you are. It's in every cell of your body, and it determines things like your hair color and eye color. Scientists can learn a lot about you from your DNA.
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The scientists also found that the tool was able to correctly predict 75.4% of the profile at 360 min of sonication, while parallel STR-CE analyses only gave three correctly typed markers (17.6%). Sonication is a process where sound waves are used to break up DNA into small pieces. The fact that this tool worked well with smaller pieces of DNA is important because it means that it could be used to test samples that are very degraded. Overall, the study showed that the VISAGE Enhanced Tool for Appearance and Ancestry inference fromDNA is a reliable and resourceful tool for Forensic DNA Phenotyping applications. It can be used to predict things like eye color, hair color, skin color, freckles, hair shape, male pattern baldness, in addition to maternal and paternal bio-geographic ancestry.
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(1)The term “association” means any association, exchange, pool, combination, or other arrangement for concerted action; and
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Marine insurance companies may legally enter into an association in accordance with the text above whenever they wish to do so in order to engage in concerted action to transact marine insurance and reinsurance business in the United States and in foreign countries.
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Wyrażenie powyższej zgody uprawnia Bank Millennium SA do przetwarzania Twoich danych osobowych, wykraczających poza katalog danych osobowych określony w przepisach prawa pracy regulujących zakres danych osobowych, których pracodawca może żądać od osoby ubiegającej się o zatrudnienie, w zakresie szczególnych kategorii danych osobowych w rozumieniu art. 9 ust. 1 RODO (danych wrażliwych, takich jak: pochodzenie rasowe lub etniczne, dane dotyczące zdrowia, przynależność do związków zawodowych), o ile zostały zawarte z Twojej inicjatywy w formularzu kontaktowym i w załączonym przez Ciebie CV lub innych przekazanych dokumentach, w celu przeprowadzenia procesu rekrutacji. Podanie ww. danych osobowych jest dobrowolne.
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Dane osobowe podane w formularzu będą przetwarzane w celu realizacji Twojego wniosku, zgodnie z jego zakresem, według zasad zawartych w dokumencie pod nazwą: Informacje dotyczące przetwarzania danych osobowych Kandydatowdo pracy w Banku Millennium SA.
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AI: The text above is in Polish. It is a consent form for the processing of personal data. The form states that the person agrees to have their sensitive personal data, such as health information and ethnic origin, processed by the company in order to be considered for employment. The person has the right to withdraw their consent at any time.
.jpeg)
AI: The U.S. equivalent laws to the topic discussed in the text above would be the Privacy Act of 1974 and the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972.
Here, we present the development and inter-laboratory technical evaluation of the VISAGE Enhanced Tool for Appearance and Ancestry inference from DNA. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first forensic molecular genetic tool that integrates several appearance traits (including but beyond eye, hair, and skin color) as well as biparental and paternal bio-geographic ancestry, all in a single MPS assay using more than 500 SNPs. Overall, the assay produced highly reproducible results amongst participating laboratories and was stable when evaluating varied DNA input levels. As a PCR-based AmpliSeq assay, the VISAGE ET A&A provides comparable performance characteristics to the previously published assessments of the VISAGE BT A&A assay which, however includes less appearance traits and less SNPs in total. Obtaining similar performance while combining nearly 3.4 times more SNPs into the single multiplex assay (153 in BT versus 524 SNPs in ET) reflects a remarkable achievement. Indeed, the run configuration recommendations previously noted for the more limited VISAGE BT A&A remain at 16 samples per 530 Ion Chip also with the VISAGE ET A&A despite the 3.4 times increase of included SNPs. Although displaying a good overall sequencing performance, some SNPs had low sequencing quality data due to flanking regions that were challenging for primer design. Therefore, we compile details of these under-performing SNPs and some recommendations for their sequence analysis using IGV. Importantly, the VISAGE ET A&A assay maintained the same sensitivity threshold as the VISAGE BT A&A assay (∼100 pg), despite the 3.4 times increase of SNPs included. The 100 pg sensitivity threshold (approximately 14 cells) to obtain full profiles is a finding that matches those of several other PCR-based forensic tools and might reflect the overall limitation of PCR-based MPS library preparation reagents. One relevant finding from the VISAGE ET A&A evaluations is the increase of locus dropouts (no call) with decreasing DNA input, rather than an increase of incorrect genotypes caused by allele dropouts or dropins, as may be expected. Since the final application of this tool is the estimation of appearance traits and BGA, this effect minimizes the input of erroneous genotype data in the final appearance trait and BGA prediction, and thus minimizes wrong prediction outcomes. However, the direct effect of DNA input variation on the final prediction values is beyond the scope of this study and is the subject of a parallel study (in preparation) on the implementation of the VISAGE ET A&A assay.
High genotype concordance values (99.3% and 99.8%) were obtained when comparing genotypes produced with the VISAGE ET A&A with those of online databases, underlining the reliability of the assay. Most of the SNPs that showed discordant results also suffered from ambiguous alignments and/or high misincorporation rates - so were flagged as problematic. Although the standard procedure of forensic DNA profiling (STR-CE analysis) recognizes a mixture, the ability to detect mixtures with SNPs is currently subject to a range of research initiatives. In principle, the addition of tri-allelic SNPs and Microhaplotypes clearly aids mixture detection and offers the possibility of mixture deconvolution going forward. As a proof-of-concept, we analysed mixtures at 1:1, 1:3 and 1:9 ratios and it was a viable approach to identify the presence of a mixture, either by allele read frequency fluctuations, increased heterozygosity, the presence of three alleles and analysis of Microhaplotype data. Notably, higher numbers of alleles present in Microhaplotypes provided more straightforward mixture deconvolution (Supplementary Table S11) than the VISAGE BT A&A assay. Of the challenging samples used to test the VISAGE ET A&A performance, GEDNAP samples comprising different biological materials and mimicking casework conditions produced an overall genotyping concordance above 99% amongst the five participating laboratories. Inhibitor-spiked samples showed similar results as those previously published for BT as well as other PCR-based MPS methods. Recent studies indicate PCR-based MPS assays are less tolerant of inhibitors than standard STR-CE methods. Inhibitor concentrations, to which these new MPS methods are sensitive, might not be detectable with common real-time quantitative PCR assays, as previously discussed . Therefore, the processing of inhibited samples and subsequent impairment of sequencing results might proceed undetected. These results not only highlight an improvement of MPS chemistry’s tolerance to inhibitors, but also require the development of more sensitive real-time qPCR assays that lead to reliable inhibitor detection at these concentration levels. Finally, the artificially degraded samples produced full profiles down to 300 min sonication, while leading to partial STR profiles from standard forensic DNA profiling. The VISAGE ET A&A correctly called 75.4% (395 markers) of the profile at 360 min of sonication, while parallel STR-CE analyses only gave three correctly typed markers (17.6%). Such results underline the relevance of SNPs and smaller amplicon designs for forensic purposes. Overall, the assay gave highly concordant results among participating laboratories and worked successfully in different laboratory workflows (DNA extraction and quantification) applied to samples with varied biological origins or which were highly degraded. In conclusion, the VISAGE ET A&A assay has proved to be a reliable and resourceful tool for Forensic DNA Phenotyping applications, providing prediction of eye, hair, skin and eyebrow color, freckles, hair shape, male pattern baldness, in addition to maternal and paternal bio-geographic ancestry. Compared with the previous VISAGE BT A&A, the VISAGE ET A&A provides appearance information for four additional appearance traits and autosomal SNP-based BGA analysis has been extended with X-SNPs and Y-SNPs, and Microhaplotypes bolstered by tri-allelic SNPs. The latter has enhanced the deconvolution of simple mixtures, which has been traditionally hampered by reliance on MPS sequencing of binary markers alone. We invite the industry to further develop and optimize the VISAGE ET A&A to make the tool accessible to a broader audience. Currently, use of PCR-based library preparation methods for MPS sequencing limits the further increase of marker numbers that can be combined into a single test while maintaining sensitivity and cost-efficiency. Recent advances in hybridization capture based MPS methods provide alternative approaches for enlarging the number of simultaneously-analysed markers and increased sensitivity levels, albeit at higher analytical costs. Therefore, PCR-based tests, exemplified by the VISAGE ET A&A assay will continue to provide cost-effective and reliable genotyping tools for the generation of investigative leads from combined analyses of appearance, ancestry from contact forensic trace DNA and can be combined with separate assays for age prediction such as the VISAGE BT and ET for Age. Continuous research in advancing our knowledge on appearance genetics will further increase the number of physical traits that will become predictable from DNA, which – if combined in a single assay as especially desired in forensic applications - will increase the total number of targeted SNPs to the thousands. Hence, MPS methods to simultaneously analyse thousands of SNPs in a highly sensitive, reliable and cost-effective way suitable for analysing forensic DNA will be needed to further advance FDP tools in the future.
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Rewrite this text for a child magazine, reshuffling the ideas:
What is DNA?
DNA is the code that makes up who you are. It's in every cell of your body, and it determines things like your hair color and eye color. Scientists can learn a lot about you from your DNA.
There is a new tool that allows scientists to learn even more about you from your DNA. It's called the VISAGE Enhanced Tool for Appearance and Ancestry inference from DNA. This tool can be used to predict things like what you look like, where your ancestors came from, and how old you are.
The VISAGE Enhanced Tool for Appearance and Ancestry inference from DNA was developed by scientists all over the world. They worked together to create a tool that would be useful for law enforcement officers investigating crimes. The goal was to create something that would help them solve cases when they didn't have any other leads.
The scientists tested the VISAGE Enhanced Tool for Appearance and Ancestry inference from DNA in different ways to make sure it was accurate and reliable. They also wanted to make sure it would work with different types of samples, including samples that were very degraded or had inhibitors present. Inhibitors are substances that can interfere with the test results.
Overall, the assay produced highly reproducible results amongst participating laboratories and was stable when evaluating varied DNA input levels. This means that the test gave the same results every time it was done, and that it worked well with different types of DNA samples.
The VISAGE Enhanced Tool for Appearance and Ancestry inference from DNA is a PCR-based AmpliSeq assay. This means that it uses a process called polymerase chain reaction to amplify (make more copies of) small pieces of DNA. The tool can be used to predict appearance traits like eye color, hair color, skin color, and freckles. It can also be used to predict bio-geographic ancestry, which is where your ancestors came from.
The VISAGE Enhanced Tool for Appearance and Ancestry inference fromDNA is the first forensic molecular genetic tool that integrates several appearance traits as well as biparental and paternal bio-geographic ancestry in a single multiplex assay using more than 500 SNPs. SNPs are places in your DNA where people tend to have different versions (or alleles). By looking at these alleles, scientists can learn about things like what you look like or where your ancestors came from. One important finding from the study is that the VISAGE Enhanced Tool for Appearance and Ancestry inference from DNA maintained the same sensitivity threshold as the previous VISAGE BT A&A assay (∼100 pg). This means that it can be used to test samples that contain as little as 100 picograms (one-trillionth of a gram) of DNA.
The VISAGE Enhanced Tool for Appearance and Ancestry inference from DNA was developed by scientists all over the world. They worked together to create a tool that would be useful for law enforcement officers investigating crimes. The goal was to create something that would help them solve cases when they didn't have any other leads.
The scientists tested the VISAGE Enhanced Tool for Appearance and Ancestry inference from DNA in different ways to make sure it was accurate and reliable. They also wanted to make sure it would work with different types of samples, including samples that were very degraded or had inhibitors present. Inhibitors are substances that can interfere with the test results.
Overall, the assay produced highly reproducible results amongst participating laboratories and was stable when evaluating varied DNA input levels. This means that the test gave the same results every time it was done, and that it worked well with different types of DNA samples.
The VISAGE Enhanced Tool for Appearance and Ancestry inference from DNA is a PCR-based AmpliSeq assay. This means that it uses a process called polymerase chain reaction to amplify (make more copies of) small pieces of DNA. The tool can be used to predict appearance traits like eye color, hair color, skin color, and freckles. It can also be used to predict bio-geographic ancestry, which is where your ancestors came from.
The VISAGE Enhanced Tool for Appearance and Ancestry inference fromDNA is the first forensic molecular genetic tool that integrates several appearance traits as well as biparental and paternal bio-geographic ancestry in a single multiplex assay using more than 500 SNPs. SNPs are places in your DNA where people tend to have different versions (or alleles). By looking at these alleles, scientists can learn about things like what you look like or where your ancestors came from. One important finding from the study is that the VISAGE Enhanced Tool for Appearance and Ancestry inference from DNA maintained the same sensitivity threshold as the previous VISAGE BT A&A assay (∼100 pg). This means that it can be used to test samples that contain as little as 100 picograms (one-trillionth of a gram) of DNA.
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The scientists also found that the tool was able to correctly predict 75.4% of the profile at 360 min of sonication, while parallel STR-CE analyses only gave three correctly typed markers (17.6%). Sonication is a process where sound waves are used to break up DNA into small pieces. The fact that this tool worked well with smaller pieces of DNA is important because it means that it could be used to test samples that are very degraded. Overall, the study showed that the VISAGE Enhanced Tool for Appearance and Ancestry inference fromDNA is a reliable and resourceful tool for Forensic DNA Phenotyping applications. It can be used to predict things like eye color, hair color, skin color, freckles, hair shape, male pattern baldness, in addition to maternal and paternal bio-geographic ancestry.
Summarize it
The VISAGE Enhanced Tool for Appearance and Ancestry inference from DNA (ET A&A) is a reliable and resourceful tool for Forensic DNA Phenotyping applications. It can predict eye, hair, skin and eyebrow color, freckles, hair shape, male pattern baldness, in addition to maternal and paternal bio-geographic ancestry. Compared with the previous VISAGE BT A&A assay, the ET A&A provides appearance information for four additional appearance traits and autosomal SNP-based BGA analysis has been extended with X-SNPs and Y-SNPs as well as Microhaplotypes bolstered by tri-allelic SNPs. The latter has enhanced the deconvolution of simple mixtures which has been traditionally hampered by reliance on MPS sequencing of binary markers alone.
Tax Code: Association of marine insurance companies ...
Source: uscode.house.gov, 15 USC 38
(a)Whenever used in this section—
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(1)The term “association” means any association, exchange, pool, combination, or other arrangement for concerted action; and
(2)The term “marine insurance companies” means any persons, companies, or associations, authorized to write marine insurance or reinsurance under the laws of the United States or of a State, Territory, District, or possession thereof.
(b)Nothing contained in the “antitrust laws” as designated in section 12 of this title, shall be construed as declaring illegal an association entered into by marine insurance companies for the following purposes: To transact a marine insurance and reinsurance business in the United States and in foreign countries and to reinsure or otherwise apportion among its membership the risks undertaken by such association or any of the component members.
Marine insurance companies may legally enter into an association in accordance with the text above whenever they wish to do so in order to engage in concerted action to transact marine insurance and reinsurance business in the United States and in foreign countries.
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When can marine insurance companies legally enter into association in accordance with the text above?
AI:
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Marine insurance companies may legally enter into an association in accordance with the text above whenever they wish to do so in order to engage in concerted action to transact marine insurance and reinsurance business in the United States and in foreign countries.Legalese: Abusive PII clauses of Millenium Bank
[In Polish]
Zgoda na przetwarzanie danych osobowych
Wyrażam zgodę na przetwarzanie przez Bank Millennium SA z siedzibą w Warszawie podanych przeze mnie danych osobowych, wykraczających poza katalog danych osobowych określony w przepisach prawa pracy regulujących zakres danych osobowych, których pracodawca może żądać od osoby ubiegającej się o zatrudnienie, w zakresie szczególnych kategorii danych osobowych w rozumieniu art. 9 ust. 1 RODO* (danych wrażliwych, takich jak: pochodzenie rasowe lub etniczne, dane dotyczące zdrowia, przynależność do związków zawodowych) zawartych z mojej inicjatywy w formularzu kontaktowym i w załączonym przeze mnie CV lub innych przekazanych dokumentach, w celu i na czas przeprowadzenia procesu rekrutacji.
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Wyrażenie powyższej zgody uprawnia Bank Millennium SA do przetwarzania Twoich danych osobowych, wykraczających poza katalog danych osobowych określony w przepisach prawa pracy regulujących zakres danych osobowych, których pracodawca może żądać od osoby ubiegającej się o zatrudnienie, w zakresie szczególnych kategorii danych osobowych w rozumieniu art. 9 ust. 1 RODO (danych wrażliwych, takich jak: pochodzenie rasowe lub etniczne, dane dotyczące zdrowia, przynależność do związków zawodowych), o ile zostały zawarte z Twojej inicjatywy w formularzu kontaktowym i w załączonym przez Ciebie CV lub innych przekazanych dokumentach, w celu przeprowadzenia procesu rekrutacji. Podanie ww. danych osobowych jest dobrowolne.
Zgodę można wycofać w dowolnym czasie poprzez wysłanie informacji zawierającej imię, nazwisko i adres email drogą mailową na adres wycofaniezgody@bankmillennium.pl. Wycofanie zgody nie wpływa na zgodność z prawem przetwarzania, którego dokonano przed wycofaniem zgody.
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Dane osobowe podane w formularzu będą przetwarzane w celu realizacji Twojego wniosku, zgodnie z jego zakresem, według zasad zawartych w dokumencie pod nazwą: Informacje dotyczące przetwarzania danych osobowych Kandydatowdo pracy w Banku Millennium SA.Pamiętaj, że w celu przetwarzania Twoich danych osobowych także w przyszłych procesach rekrutacyjnych w spółkach z Grupy Millennium, potrzebna nam jest Twoja wyraźna zgoda (dostępna poniżej).
In which language is the text below? Summarize it in 5 sentences.
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AI: The text above is in Polish. It is a consent form for the processing of personal data. The form states that the person agrees to have their sensitive personal data, such as health information and ethnic origin, processed by the company in order to be considered for employment. The person has the right to withdraw their consent at any time.Summarize this for a second-grade student
This document is called the "Zgoda na przetwarzanie danych osobowych" and it gives the Bank Millennium SA permission to process your personal data beyond the scope of what is allowed by law. This includes special categories of data such as health data and data about your membership in professional organizations. You can withdraw this permission at any time by sending an email to wycofaniezgody@bankmillennium.pl.
What laws does this document break?
This document breaks the following laws:
-The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
-The Data Protection Act 2018
What are equivalent US laws to the topic discussed in the text below?
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AI: The U.S. equivalent laws to the topic discussed in the text above would be the Privacy Act of 1974 and the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972.What are equivalent Turkish laws to the topic discussed in the text below?
AI:
1. The Data Protection Act
2. The Privacy Act
3. The Personal Data Protection Act
4. The Data Protection Regulation
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